|
Revenge porn is sexually explicit images or video that is distributed without the consent of the subject. The making of sexually explicit images or video may be made by a partner of an intimate relationship with the knowledge and consent of the subject, or it may be made without their knowledge. The possession of the material may be used by the partner to blackmail the subject into performing other sex acts, or to intimidate them from breaking off the relationship. In the wake of civil lawsuits and the increasing numbers of reported incidents, legislation has been passed in a number of countries and jurisdictions to outlaw the practice, though approaches have varied. The practice has also been described as a form of psychological abuse and domestic violence. The term "revenge porn" generally refers to the uploading of this sexually explicit material to humiliate and intimidate the subject, who has defied the partner and broken off the relationship.〔 The term is also often misused to describe non 'revenge' scenarios, including nonconsensual pornography distributed by hackers or by individuals seeking profit or notoriety. The images are usually accompanied by sufficient information to identify the pictured individual, typically their name and location, and can include links to social media profiles, home addresses and workplaces.〔Emily Bazelon,(Why Do We Tolerate Revenge Porn?" ), ''Slate'' (Sept. 25, 2013).〕〔Eric Larson, ("It's Still Easy to Get Away With Revenge Porn" ), ''Mashable'', 21 October 2013.〕 Victims' lives can be ruined as a result, the victims exposed to cyber-stalking and physical attack as well as facing difficulties in their workplace should their images become known as a result of routine checks by employers. Some have lost their jobs, while others have been unable to find work at all.〔Danielle K. Citron, ("‘Revenge porn’ should be a crime" ), ''CNN Opinion'' (Aug. 30, 2013).〕 Copyright law cannot help if the person who publishes the image also made it.〔 Jurisdictions which have passed laws against revenge porn include Israel, Germany, the United Kingdom, twenty-seven states of the United States,〔 and the Australian state of Victoria. ==Background== In the 1980s, ''Hustler'' magazine began a monthly feature of reader-submitted images of naked women called "Beaver Hunt".〔Kelly Dennis, ''Art/Porn: A History of Seeing and Touching'', Oxford International Publishers (2009)〕 Beaver Hunt photographs were often accompanied by details about the woman, like her hobbies, her sexual fantasies, and sometimes her name.〔 Not all of the women featured in Beaver Hunt submitted their own images and several women sued the magazine for publishing their photographs without their permission.〔See, e.g., (''Wood v. Hustler'' ), 736 F.2d 1084 (5th Cir. 1984).〕 Two decades later, Italian researcher Sergio Messina identified “realcore pornography”, a new genre consisting of images and videos of ex-girlfriends distributed through Usenet groups.〔Alexa Tsoulis-Reay, ("A Brief History of Revenge Porn" ), ''New York Magazine'' (July 21, 2013).〕 In 2008, amateur porn aggregator XTube began receiving complaints that pornographic content had been posted without subjects’ consent. Several sites began staging consensual pornography to resemble revenge porn, as well as hosting "authentic" user-submitted content.〔 Revenge porn began garnering international media attention when Hunter Moore launched the website ''IsAnyoneUp'' in 2010.〔On The Media, ("Revenge Porn’s Latest Frontier" ), WNYC (Dec. 2, 2011).〕 The site featured user-submitted pornography,〔 and was one of the first sites to adopt the model initiated by Beaver Hunt: ''IsAnyoneUp'' often included identifying information, such as the subjects’ names, employers, addresses and links to social networking profiles.〔 Activist Charlotte Laws was the first person to speak out against Moore and one of the first people to publicly support revenge porn victims. This prompted backlash from some of Moore's devotees, who stalked her and pummeled her with computer viruses and death threats.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Charlotte Laws' fight with Hunter Moore, the internet's revenge porn king )〕 The website ''endrevengeporn.org'', founded by Holly Jacobs, a revenge porn victim, campaigns for the criminalization of revenge porn.〔().〕 Jacobs is also the founder of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), a nonprofit organization that seeks to challenge cyber harassment. CCRI prefers the term "nonconsensual pornography" and considers revenge porn to be a form of sexual abuse. Danielle Citron, who was the first to argue that cyber harassment should be understood and addressed as civil rights violations, advises the organization.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cybercivilrights.org/about )〕 Mary Anne Franks, CCRI's Vice-President and Legislative & Tech Policy Director, has been heavily involved with legislative and policy efforts to combat revenge porn.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Meet the Krav Maga-fighting law professor behind U.S. revenge porn laws )〕 In February 2015, the social media site and online bulletin board Reddit announced a change to its privacy policy to ban the posting of sexually explicit content without the consent of those depicted. The company stated that its policy regarding "illicit pornography — pictures and video — was a burning one" after a recent all-hands company meeting. , the ban goes into effect. In March 2015, Twitter followed suit with new rules to address the posting of unauthorized content and specifically revenge porn. Starting March 11 Twitter stated it would immediately remove "any 'link to a photograph, video, or digital image of you in a state of nudity or engaged in any act of sexual conduct' that has been posted without consent." According to a ''Washington Post'' article on the changes, if it is determined that an account has broken the new rules, Twitter staff will hide the post and may block the account. The article also stated that the changes were in response to growing concerns "that it has not done enough to prevent bad behavior on its site." In June 2015, Google announced it would remove links to revenge porn on request. Microsoft followed suit in July. Both have placed forms on-line for victims to complete.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cagoldberglaw.com/blog/2015/7/9/googles-revenge-porn-form )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/getsupport?oaspworkflow=start_1.0.0.0&wfname=capsub&productkey=RevengePorn&ccsid=635737542193040502 )〕 Together the two organizations account for nearly 90% of the internet search market in the US. Commenting on these decisions, Dr. Laura Hilly and Kira Allmann of the Oxford Human Rights Hub characterize revenge porn as a kind of gendered hate speech designed to silence women and other gender, sexual, and racial minorities. Rather than promote free expression, as its defenders maintain, it stifles free expression and the internet needs protection from it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「revenge porn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|